Artículo de Einstein - 1924.
SUMAMENTE INTERESANTE:
UN APORTE AL CONOCIMIENTO - ARABES / ISLAMICOS:
Los musulmanes superan el total de 1.200,000,000... Aproximadamente "
20% de la población del mundo... y han ganado los siguientes Premios Nóbel:
LITERATURA:
1988 - Najib Mahfooz
PAZ:
1978 - Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat
1994 - Yaser Arafat
QUIMICA:
1990 - Elias James Corey
1999 - Ahmed Zewail
MEDICINA:
1960 - Peter Brian Medawar
1998 - Ferid Mourad
---------------------------------------SIETE en total-----------------------------
Los judíos son unos 14,000,000 en todo el mundo, aproximadamente
0.02% de la población mundial... y han ganado los siguientes Premios Nóbel:
-------------------------CIENTO CUARENTA Y OCHO-----------------------
Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
1908 Ehrlich, Paul
"for their work on immunity" Germany
1908 Mechnikov, Elie
"for their work on immunity" Russia
1914 Barany, Robert
"for his work on the physiology and
pathology of the vestibular apparatus" Austria
1922 Meyerhof, Otto Fritz
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship
between the consumption of oxygen and the
metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" Germany
1930 Landsteiner, Karl
"for his discovery of human blood groups" Austria
1936 Loewi, Otto
"for their discoveries relating to chemical
transmission of nerve impulses" Austria
1944 Erlanger, Joseph
"for their discoveries relating to the highly
differentiated functions of single nerve fibers" USA
1945 Chain, Ernst Boris
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative
effect in various infectious diseases" Germany
1946 Muller, Hermann J.
"for the discovery of the production of
mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" USA
1947 Cori, Gerty Theresa, Radnitz
"for their discovery of the course of the
catalytic conversion of glycogen" Czech Republic
1950 Reichstein, Tadeus
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones
of the adrenal cortex, their structure and
biological effects" Poland
1952 Waksman, Selman A.
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first
antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" Russia
1953 Krebs, Hans Adolf
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" Germany
1953 Lipmann, Fritz Albert
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its
importance for intermediary metabolism" Germany
1958 Lederberg, Joshua
"for his discoveries concerning genetic
recombination and the organization of the
genetic material of bacteria" USA
1959 Kornberg, Arthur
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the
biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and
deoxyribonucleic acid" USA
1964 Bloch, Konrad
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism
and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid
metabolism" Germany
1965 Jacob, Francois
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control
of enzyme and virus synthesis" France
1965 Lwoff, Andre
"for their discoveries concerning genetic
control of enzyme and virus synthesis" France
1967 Wald, George
"for their discoveries concerning the primary
physiological and chemical visual processes in
the eye" USA
1968 Nirenberg, Marshall W.
"for their interpretation of the genetic code
and its function in protein synthesis" USA
1969 Luria, Salvador E.
"for their discoveries concerning the replication
mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" Italy
1970 Axelrod, Julius
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral
transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism
for their storage, release and inactivation" USA
1970 Katz, Bernard
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral
transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism
for their storage, release and inactivation" Germany
1972 Edelman, Gerald M.
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical
structure of antibodies" USA
1975 Baltimore, David
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction
between tumor viruses and the genetic material
of the cell" USA
1975 Temin, Howard M.
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction
between tumor viruses and the genetic material
of the cell" USA
1976 Blumberg, Baruch S.
"for their discoveries concerning new
mechanisms for the origin and dissemination
of infectious diseases" USA
1977 Schally, Andrew V.
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide
hormone production of the brain" Poland
1977 Yalow, Rosalyn
"for the development of radioimmunoassays
of peptide hormones" USA
1978 Nathans, Daniel
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and
their application to problems of molecular genetics" USA
1980 Benacerraf, Baruj
"for their discoveries concerning genetically
determined structures on the cell surface that
regulate immunological reactions" Venezuela
1984 Milstein, Cesar
"for theories concerning the specificity in
development and control of the immune system
and the discovery of the principle for production
of monoclonal antibodies" Argentina
1985 Brown, Michael S.
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation
of cholesterol metabolism" USA
1985 Goldstein, Joseph L.
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation
of cholesterol metabolism" USA
1986 Cohen, Stanley
"for their discoveries of growth factors" USA
1986 Levi-Montalcini, Rita
"for their discoveries of growth factors" Italy
1988 Elion, Gertrude B.
"for their discoveries of important principles
for drug treatment" USA
1989 Varmus, Harold E.
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of
retroviral oncogenes" USA
1994 Gilman, Alfred G.
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role
of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA
1994 Rodbell, Martin
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role
of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA
1997 Prusiner, Stanley B.
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological
principle of infection" USA
1998 Furchgott, Robert F.
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as
a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system" USA
2000 Greengard, Paul
"signal transduction in the nervous system" USA
2000 Kandel, Eric R.
"signal transduction in the nervous system" Austria
2002 Brenner, Sydney
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation
of organ development and programmed cell death" South Africa
2002 Horvitz, H. Robert
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation
of organ development and programmed cell death" USA
2004 Axel, Richard
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the
organization of the olfactory system" USA
Total number of Jewish Laureates: 48
Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
1905 von Baeyer, J. F. W. Adolf
"for his services in the advancement of organic
chemistry and the chemical industry, through his
work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" Germany
1906 Moissan, Henri
"for his investigation and isolation of the element
fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science
of the electric furnace called after him" France
1910 Wallach, Otto
"for his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic
compounds" Germany
1915 Willstatter, Richard M.
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially
chlorophyll" Germany
1918 Haber, Fritz
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" Germany
1943 de Hevesy, George
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in
the study of chemical processes" Hungary
1961 Calvin, Melvin
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation
in plants" USA
1962 Perutz, Max F.
"for their studies of the structures of globular
proteins" Austria
1972 Anfinsen, Christian B.
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning
the connection between the amino acid sequence and
the biologically active conformation" USA
1972 Stein, William H.
"for their contribution to the understanding of the
connection between chemical structure and catalytic
activity of the active center of the ribonuclease
molecule" USA
1977 Prigogine, Ilya
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium
thermodynamics, particularly the theory of
dissipative structures" Russia
1979 Brown, Herbert C.
"for their development of the use of boron-and
phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively,
into important reagents in organic synthesis" Ukraine
1980 Berg, Paul
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry
of nucleic acids, with particular regard to
recombinant-DNA" USA
1980 Gilbert, Walter
"for their contributions concerning the determination
of base sequences in nucleic acids" USA
1981 Hoffmann, Roald
"for their theories, developed independently,
concerning the course of chemical reactions" Poland
1982 Klug, Aaron
"for his development of crystallographic electron
microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically
important nucleic acid-protein complexes" Lithuania
1985 Hauptman, Herbert A.
"for their development of direct methods for the
determination of crystal structures" USA
1985 Karle, Jerome
"for their development of direct methods for the
determination of crystal structures" USA
1989 Altman, Sidney
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" Canada
1992 Marcus, Rudolph A.
"for his contributions to the theory of electron
transfer reactions in chemical systems" Canada
1994 Olah, George A.
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" Hungary
1998 Kohn, Walter
"for his development of the density-
functional theory" Austria
2000 Heeger, Alan J.
"for the discovery and development of conductive
polymers" USA
2004 Ciechanover, Aaron
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation" Israel
2004 Hershko, Avram
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation" Hungary
2004 Rose, Irwin
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation" USA
Total number of Jewish Laureates: 26
Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Economics
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
1970 Samuelson, Paul A.
"for the scientific work through which he has
developed static and dynamic economic theory and
actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in
economic science" USA
1971 Kuznets, Simon
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic
growth which has led to new and deepened insight into
the economic and social structure and process of
development" USA
1972 Arrow, Kenneth J.
"for their pioneering contributions to general
economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory" USA
1973 Leontief, Wassily
"for the development of the input-output method and
for its application to important economic problems" Russia
1975 Kantorovich, Leonid V.
"for their contributions to the theory of optimum
allocation of resources" Russia
1976 Friedman, Milton
"for his achievements in the fields of consumption
analysis, monetary history and theory and for his
demonstration of the complexity of stabilization
policy" USA
1978 Simon, Herbert A.
"for his pioneering research into the decision-making
process within economic organizations" USA
1980 Klein, Lawrence R.
"for the creation of econometric models and the
application to the analysis of economic fluctuations
and economic policies" USA
1985 Modigliani, Franco
"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of
financial markets" Italy
1987 Solow, Robert M.
"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth" USA
1990 Markowitz, Harry M.
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" USA
1990 Miller, Merton H.
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" USA
1992 Becker, Gary S.
"for having extended the domain of microeconomic
analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction,
including nonmarket behavior" USA
1993 Fogel, Robert W.
"for having renewed research in economic history by
applying economic theory and quantitative methods in
order to explain economic and institutional change” USA
1994 Harsanyi, John C.
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the
theory of non-cooperative games" Hungary
1997 Scholes, Myron S.
"for a new method to determine the value of
derivatives " Canada
2001 Akerlof, George A.
"for their analyses of markets with asimmetric information USA
2001 Stiglitz, Joseph E.
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information" USA
2002 Kahneman, Daniel
"for having integrated insights from psychological
research into economic science, especially concerning
human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty" Israel
Total number of Jewish Laureates: 19
Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
1907 Michelson, Albert A.
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic
and metrological investigations carried out with their aid" Poland
1908 Lippmann, Gabriel
"for his method of reproducing colors photographically
based on the phenomenon of interference" Luxembourg
1921 Einstein, Albert
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially
for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" Germany
1922 Bohr, Niels
"for his services in the investigation of the structure
of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" Denmark
1925 Franck, James
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact
of an electron upon an atom" Germany
1943 Stern, Otto
"for his contribution to the development of the
molecular ray method and his discovery of the
magnetic moment of the proton" Germany
1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic
properties of atomic nuclei" Austria
1945 Pauli, Wolfgang
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle,
also called the Pauli Principle" Austria
1952 Bloch, Felix
"for their development of new methods for nuclear
magnetic precision measurements and discoveries
in connection therewith" Switzerland
1954 Born, Max
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics,
especially for his statistical interpretation of thewave
function" Poland
1958 Frank, Il'ja M.
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Russia
1958 Tamm, Igor Y.
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect" Russia
1959 Segre, Emilio Gino
"for their discovery of the antiproton" Italy
1960 Glaser, Donald A.
"for the invention of the bubble chamber" USA
1961 Hofstadter, Robert
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in
atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries
concerning the structure of the nucleons" USA
1962 Landau, Lev D.
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter,
especially liquid helium" Azerbaijan
1963 Wigner, Eugene P.
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic
nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly
through the discovery and application of fundamental
symmetry principles" Hungary
1965 Feynman, Richard P.
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,
with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics
of elementary particles" USA
1965 Schwinger, Julian
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,
with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics
of elementary particles" USA
1967 Bethe, Hans A.
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions,
especially his discoveries concerning the energy
production in stars" USA
1969 Gell-Mann, Murray
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning
the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" USA
1971 Gabor, Dennis
"for his invention and development of the holographic method" Hungary
1972 Cooper, Leon N.
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity,
usually called the BCS-theory" USA
1973 Josephson, Brian D.
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties
of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular
those phenomena which are generally known as the
Josephson effects" UK
1975 Mottelson, Ben Roy
"for the discovery of the connection between collective
motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the
development of the theory of the structure of the atomic
nucleus based on this connection" USA
1976 Richter, Burton
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy
elementary particle of a new kind" USA
1978 Penzias, Arno A.
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" Germany
1979 Glashow, Sheldon L.
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified
weak and electromagnetic interaction between
elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction
of the weak neutral current" USA
1979 Weinberg, Steven
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak
and electromagnetic interaction between elementary
particles, including inter alia the prediction of the
weak neutral current" USA
1988 Lederman, Leon M.
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration
of the doublet structure of the leptons through the
discovery of the muon neutrino" USA
1988 Schwartz, Melvin
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration
of the doublet structure of the leptons through the
discovery of the muon neutrino" USA
1988 Steinberger, Jack
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration
of the doublet structure of the leptons through
the discovery of the muon neutrino" Germany
1990 Friedman, Jerome I.
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep
inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound
neutrons, which have been of essential importance
for the development of the quark model in
particle physics" USA
1992 Charpak, Georges
"for his invention and development of particle detectors,
in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" Poland
1995 Perl, Martin L.
"for the discovery of the tau lepton " Russia
1995 Reines, Frederick
"for the detection of the neutrino" USA
1996 Lee, David M.
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" USA
1997 Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude
"for development of methods to cool and trap
atoms with laser light" Algeria
2000 Alferov, Zhores I.
"for basic work on information and communication technology" Russia
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A.
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors
and superfluids" Russia
2003 Ginzburg, Vitaly L.
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of
superconductors and superfluids" Russia
2004 Gross, David J.
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the
theory of the strong interaction" USA
2004 Politzer, H. David
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the
theory of the strong interaction" USA
Total number of Jewish Laureates: 43
Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Literature
Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth
1910 Heyse, Paul
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated
with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his
long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist,
novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories" Germany
1927 Bergson, Henri
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the
brillant skill with which they have been presented" France
1958 Pasternak, Boris L.
"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical
poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" Russia
1966 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef
"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art
with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" Ukraine
1966 Sachs, Nelly
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing,
which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" Germany
1976 Bellow, Saul
"for the human understanding and subtle analysis
of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" Canada
1978 Singer, Isaac Bashevis
"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots
in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal
human conditions to life" Poland
1981 Canetti, Elias
"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth
of ideas and artistic power" Bulgaria
1987 Brodsky, Joseph
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity
of thought and poetic intensity" Russia
1991 Gordimer, Nadine
"who through her magnificent epic writing has –
in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" South Africa
2002 Kertesz, Imre
"for writing that upholds the fragile experience
of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" Hungary
Total number of Jewish Laureates: 11